Italian Transcript Translation

**Italian exam grading:** Individual course exams are graded on a scale of 18–30. A grade of 18/30 is the minimum pass; 30/30 is the maximum. The designation **30 e lode** (30 with distinction) is awarded for exceptional performance and is the highest possible per-exam grade. Grades below 18 are recorded as "non superato" (not passed) or simply not listed.

We translate each grade exactly as it appears, preserving the "/30" denominator and the "e lode" designation. This is critical for WES and ECE GPA calculations — without the denominator, evaluators could misinterpret 28/30 as a percentage. We also flag idoneità (pass/fail) exams separately, as they carry CFU but no numeric grade.

**CFU (Crediti Formativi Universitari):** The Italian credit unit, directly equivalent to ECTS credits under the Bologna framework. One CFU equals approximately 25 hours of student workload (lectures, labs, and independent study). A Laurea Triennale requires 180 CFU; a Laurea Magistrale requires 120 CFU.

We translate the CFU column header and preserve all per-course credit values. When evaluators request ECTS, we note that CFU = ECTS under the Italian system. For pre-Bologna (vecchio ordinamento) transcripts that may not use CFU, we note the absence and translate any available credit-equivalent information.

**SSD (Settore Scientifico-Disciplinare):** A nationally standardized classification system assigning every Italian university course to a discipline sector — for example, IUS/01 (Diritto privato / Private Law), MAT/05 (Analisi matematica / Mathematical Analysis), or MED/01 (Statistica medica / Medical Statistics). The SSD determines which courses fulfill Classe di Laurea requirements.

We translate the SSD code alongside its full Italian description and English translation. SSD codes help evaluators verify that a transcript’s course distribution meets the requirements of the claimed Classe di Laurea and can be useful for professional licensing applications where specific subject-matter coursework must be demonstrated.

**Idoneità:** Some Italian university courses — particularly language courses, labs, and internships (tirocinio) — are assessed on a pass/fail basis rather than the 18–30 scale. A passing result is recorded as "idoneo" (suitable/passed) with the associated CFU awarded but no numeric grade.

We clearly distinguish idoneità entries from graded esame di profitto entries in the translation. Evaluators need this distinction because pass/fail credits carry academic weight (CFU) but do not factor into GPA calculations.

Italian universities issue transcripts in several formats: the **Certificato degli Esami Sostenuti** (formal certificate of exams taken, issued by the Segreteria Studenti), the **Libretto Universitario** (student exam booklet, traditionally a physical booklet signed by each examiner), and modern **electronic self-service extracts** from the university’s online portal.

We handle all three formats. The Certificato is the most commonly requested by WES and ECE. The Libretto, while less formal, is sometimes the only available record for older graduates. Electronic portal extracts must be authenticated by the university — we translate the document as-is and note the format type for the evaluator.