Soviet and Bologna degree terms are not interchangeable
Ukrainian academic credentials issued before approximately 2005 use Soviet-era degree terminology: спеціаліст (specialist), кандидат наук (candidate of sciences), доктор наук (doctor of sciences). Post-2005 credentials follow the Bologna framework: бакалавр (bachelor), магістр (master). A translator who substitutes one system’s terms for another misrepresents the credential level and can cause a WES or ECE evaluator to request clarification or reject the translation.
We preserve the original Ukrainian degree title exactly as printed and provide the appropriate English rendering without replacing Soviet terminology with Bologna equivalents or vice versa. If an evaluator needs equivalency context, that is their responsibility — the translation delivers the accurate source record.



